'sickle cell disorder'

A condition in which the blood doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells. Anaemia results from a lack of red blood cells or dysfunctional red blood cells in the body. This leads to reduced oxygen flow to the body's organs. Symptoms may include fatigue, skin pallor, shortness of breath, light-headedness, dizziness or a fast heartbeat. Treatment depends on the underlying diagnosis. Iron supplements can be used for iron deficiency. Vitamin B supplements may be used for low vitamin levels. Blood transfusions can be used for blood loss. Medication to induce blood formation may be used if the body’s blood production is reduced.

A cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is the body's disease-fighting network. It includes the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland and bone marrow. The main types of lymphoma are Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue and weight loss. Treatment may involve chemotherapy, medication, radiation therapy and rarely stem-cell transplant. Requires a medical diagnosis Symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue and weight loss. People may experience: Whole body: fatigue, loss of appetite, or night sweats Also common: shortness of breath, swollen lymph nodes, or weight loss

A cancer of plasma cells. The plasma cells are a type of white blood cell in the bone marrow. With this condition, a group of plasma cells becomes cancerous and multiplies. The disease can damage the bones, immune system, kidneys and red blood cell count. Symptoms may not be present or may be non-specific, such as loss of appetite, bone pain and fever. Treatments include medication, chemotherapy, corticosteroids, radiation or a stem-cell transplant.

A disorder in which blood doesn't clot normally. When blood can't clot properly, excessive bleeding (external and internal) occurs after any injury or damage. Symptoms include many large or deep bruises, joint pain and swelling, unexplained bleeding and blood in urine or stool. Treatment includes injections of a clotting factor or plasma. Requires a medical diagnosis Symptoms include many large or deep bruises, joint pain and swelling, unexplained bleeding and blood in urine or stool. People may experience: Pain areas: in the joints Also common: bleeding, blood in stool, blood in urine, bruising, heavy or prolonged periods, internal bleeding, nosebleed, or swollen joint

Stem cells and derived products offer great promise for new medical treatments.

A bone marrow transplant is a medical treatment that replaces your bone marrow with healthy cells. The replacement cells can either come from your own body or from a donor. A bone marrow transplant is also called a stem cell transplant or, more specifically, a hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Transplantation can be used to treat certain types of cancer, such as leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma, and other blood and immune system diseases that affect the bone marrow.

A blood disorder involving lower-than-normal amounts of an oxygen-carrying protein. Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterised by less oxygen-carrying protein (haemoglobin) and fewer red blood cells in the body than normal. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, paleness and slow growth. Mild forms may not need treatment. Severe forms may require blood transfusions or a donor stem-cell transplant. Requires a medical diagnosis Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, paleness and slow growth. People may experience: Whole body: anaemia, fatigue, or weakness Also common: failure to thrive, iron overload, pallor, shortness of breath, or yellow skin and eyes

Requires a medical diagnosis Infections, pain and fatigue are symptoms of sickle cell disease. People may experience: Pain areas: in the joints Pain types: can be sudden in the chest Whole body: dizziness, fatigue, low oxygen in the body, or malaise Urinary: inability to make concentrated or dilute urine or blood in urine Also common: abnormal breakdown of red blood cells, inflamed fingers or toes, pallor, shortness of breath, or yellow skin and eyes Requires a medical diagnosis Infections, pain and fatigue are symptoms of sickle cell disease. People may experience: Pain areas: in the joints Pain types: can be sudden in the chest Whole body: dizziness, fatigue, low oxygen in the body, or malaise Urinary: inability to make concentrated or dilute urine or blood in urine Also common: abnormal breakdown of red blood cells, inflamed fingers or toes, pallor, shortness of breath, or yellow skin and eyes

Bone Marrow Tests Email this page to a friend Print Facebook Twitter Pinterest What are bone marrow tests? Bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue found in the center of most bones. Bone marrow makes different types of blood cells. These include: Red blood cells (also called erythrocytes), which carry oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body White blood cells (also called leukocytes), which help you fight infections Platelets, which help with blood clotting. Bone marrow tests check to see if your bone marrow is working correctly and making normal amounts of blood cells. The tests can help diagnose and monitor various bone marrow disorders, blood disorders, and certain types of cancer. There are two types of bone marrow tests: Bone marrow aspiration, which removes a small amount of bone marrow fluid Bone marrow biopsy, which removes a small amount of bone marrow tissue Bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy tests are usually performed at the same time. Other names: bone marrow examination What are they used for? Bone marrow tests are used to: Find out the cause of problems with red blood cells, white bloods, or platelets Diagnose and monitor blood disorders, such as anemia, polycythemia vera, and thrombocytopenia Diagnose bone marrow disorders Diagnose and monitor certain types of cancers, including leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma Diagnose infections that may have started or spread to the bone marrow Why do I need a bone marrow test? Your health care provider may order a bone marrow aspiration and a bone marrow biopsy if other blood tests show your levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets are not normal. Too many or too few of these cells may mean you have a medical disorder, such as cancer that starts in your blood or bone marrow. If you are being treated for another type of cancer, these tests can find out if the cancer has spread to your bone marrow. What happens during a bone marrow test? Bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy tests are usually given at the same time. A doctor or other health care provider will perform the tests. Before the tests, the provider may ask you to put on a hospital gown. The provider will check your blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature. You may be given a mild sedative, a medicine that will help you relax. During the test: You'll lie down on your side or your stomach, depending on which bone will be used for testing. Most bone marrow tests are taken from the hip bone. Your body will be covered with cloth, so that only the area around the testing site is showing. The site will be cleaned with an antiseptic. You will get an injection of a numbing solution. It may sting. Once the area is numb, the health care provider will take the sample. You will need to lie very still during the tests. For a bone marrow aspiration, which is usually performed first, the health care provider will insert a needle through the bone and pull out bone marrow fluid and cells. You may feel a sharp but brief pain when the needle is inserted. For a bone marrow biopsy, the health care provider will use a special tool that twists into the bone to take out a sample of bone marrow tissue. You may feel some pressure on the site while the sample is being taken. It takes about 10 minutes to perform both tests. After the test, the health care provider will cover the site with a bandage. Plan to have someone drive you home, since you may be given a sedative before the tests, which may make you drowsy. Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test? You will be asked to sign a form that gives permission to perform bone marrow tests. Be sure to ask your provider any questions you have about the procedure. Are there any risks to the test? Many people feel a little uncomfortable after bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy testing. After the test, you may feel stiff or sore at the injection site. This usually goes away in a few days. Your health care provider may recommend or prescribe a pain reliever to help. Serious symptoms are very rare, but may include: Long-lasting pain or discomfort around the injection site Redness, swelling, or excessive bleeding at the site Fever If you have any of these symptoms, call your health care provider. What do the results mean? It may take several days or even several weeks to get your bone marrow test results. The results may show whether you have a bone marrow disease, a blood disorder, or cancer. If you are being treated for cancer, the results may show: Whether your treatment is working How advanced your disease is If your results are not normal, your health care provider will likely order more tests or discuss treatment options. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.